There is a problem in multiple stable kernel releases that is causing data corruption in ext4 filesystems. It is caused by a problematic commit that is in multiple stable kernels:

The commit got merged in 6.5-rc1 so all stable kernels that have
91562895f803 (“ext4: properly sync file size update after O_SYNC direct
IO”) before 6.5 are corrupting data – I’ve noticed at least 6.1 is still
carrying the problematic commit.

More information can be found in a Debian bug report. It has also delayed the release of Debian 12.3 images. “Please do not upgrade any systems at this time, we urge caution for users
with UnattendeUpgrades configured.”

(Thanks to Alex Ridevski for giving us a heads up on this.)

Source: LWN.net – Ext4 data corruption in stable kernels