How can we understand environments that can’t be replicated on Earth? That’s a challenge astrophysicists face all the time. In some cases, it’s largely a matter of figuring out how well-understood physics applies to extreme conditions and then comparing the output of those equations to observations. But a notable exception to that is a neutron star, where the relevant equations get completely intractable, and observations don’t provide many details.

So, while we’re pretty sure there’s a layer of nearly pure neutrons near the surface of these bodies, we’re very uncertain as to what might exist deeper in their interiors.

This week, Nature is publishing a study that tries to move us closer to an understanding. It doesn’t give us an answer—there’s still a lot of uncertainty. But it’s a great opportunity to look at the process of how scientists can take data from a huge range of sources and start whittling away at those uncertainties.