{"id":1204610,"date":"2023-11-20T05:06:45","date_gmt":"2023-11-20T10:06:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/?p=1204610"},"modified":"2023-11-20T05:06:45","modified_gmt":"2023-11-20T10:06:45","slug":"support-for-new-computing-teachers-a-tool-to-find-scratch-programming-errors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/?p=1204610","title":{"rendered":"Support for new computing teachers: A tool to find Scratch programming errors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We all know that learning to program, and specifically learning how to debug or fix code, can be frustrating and leave beginners overwhelmed and disheartened. In a recent blog article, our PhD student Lauria at the Raspberry Pi Computing Education Research Centre highlighted the <a href=\"https:\/\/computingeducationresearch.org\/debugging-a-powerful-and-dangerous-skill-to-learn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pivotal role that teachers play in shaping students\u2019 attitudes towards debugging<\/a>. But what about teachers who are coding novices themselves?<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Future-engineer_Dojo_HD-27-500x333-1.jpg\" alt=\"Two adults learn about computing at desktop computers.\" class=\"wp-image-85119\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>In many countries, primary school teachers are holistic educators and often find themselves teaching computing despite having little or no experience in the field. In a recent seminar of our series on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/primary-computing-education-research-seminar-series-2023\/\">computing education for primary-aged children<\/a>, Luisa Greifenstein told attendees that struggling with debugging and negative attitudes towards programming were among the <a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1145\/3488042.3488048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">top ten challenges mentioned by teachers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Luisa-Greifenstein-250x250-1.jpg\" alt=\"Luisa Greifenstein.\" class=\"wp-image-81925\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Luisa is a researcher at the University of Passau, Germany, and has been working closely with both teacher trainees and experienced primary school teachers in Germany. She\u2019s found that giving feedback to students can be difficult for primary school teachers, and especially for teacher trainees, as programming is still new to them. Luisa\u2019s seminar introduced a tool to help.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A unique approach: Visualising debugging with LitterBox<\/h2>\n<p>To address this issue, the University of Passau has initiated the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fim.uni-passau.de\/en\/chair-for-software-engineering-ii\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">primary::programming project<\/a>. One of its flagship tools, <a href=\"https:\/\/scratch.fim.uni-passau.de\/litterbox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LitterBox<\/a>, offers a unique solution to debugging and is specifically designed for Scratch, a beginners\u2019 programming language widely used in primary schools.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/app\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image5-800x391-1.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the LitterBox tool.\" class=\"wp-image-85573\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">You can upload Scratch program files to LitterBox to analyse them. Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>LitterBox serves as a static code debugging tool that transforms code examination into an engaging experience. With a nod to the Scratch cat, the tool visualises the debugging of Scratch code as checking the \u2018litterbox\u2019, categorising issues into \u2018bugs\u2019 and \u2018smells\u2019:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bugs represent code patterns that have gone wrong, such as missing loops or specific blocks<\/li>\n<li>Smells indicate that the code couldn\u2019t be processed correctly because of duplications or unnecessary elements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/app\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image4-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image4-1-800x420-1.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the LitterBox tool.\" class=\"wp-image-85575\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The code patterns LitterBox recognises. Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>What sets LitterBox apart is that it also rewards correct code by displaying \u2018perfumes\u2019. For instance, it will praise correct broadcasting or the use of custom blocks. For every identified problem or achievement, the tool provides short and direct feedback.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/app\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image3.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image3-800x391-1.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the LitterBox tool.\" class=\"wp-image-85574\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">LitterBox also identifies good programming practice. Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Luisa and her team conducted a study to gauge the effectiveness of LitterBox. In the study, teachers were given fictitious student code with bugs and were asked to first debug the code themselves and then explain in a manner appropriate to a student how to do the debugging.<\/p>\n<p>The results were promising: teachers using LitterBox outperformed a control group with no access to the tool. However, the team also found that not all hints proved equally helpful. When hints lacked direct relevance to the code at hand, teachers found them confusing, which highlighted the importance of refining the tool\u2019s feedback mechanisms.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"249\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image1-2-500x249-1.png\" alt=\"A bar chart showing that LitterBox helps computing teachers.\" class=\"wp-image-85583\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Despite its limitations, LitterBox proved helpful in another important aspect of the teachers\u2019 work: coding task creation. Novice students require structured tasks and help sheets when learning to code, and teachers often invest substantial time in developing these resources. While LitterBox does not guide educators in generating new tasks or adapting them to their students\u2019 needs, in a second study conducted by Luisa\u2019s team, teachers who had access to LitterBox not only received support in debugging their own code but also provided more scaffolding in task instructions they created for their students compared to teachers without LitterBox.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to maximise the impact of new tools: use existing frameworks and materials<\/h2>\n<p>One important realisation that we had in the Q&amp;A phase of Luisa\u2019s seminar was that many different research teams are working on solutions for similar challenges, and that the impact of this research can be maximised by integrating new findings and resources. For instance, what the LitterBox tool cannot offer could be filled by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pedagogical frameworks to enhance teachers\u2019 lessons and feedback structures.<\/strong> Frameworks such as <a href=\"https:\/\/computingeducationresearch.org\/projects\/primm\/\">PRIMM<\/a> (Predict, Run, Investigate, Modify, and Make) or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/teaching-programming-in-primary-school-tippsee\/\">TIPP&amp;SEE<\/a> for Scratch projects (Title, Instructions, Purpose, Play &amp; Sprites, Events, Explore) can serve as valuable resources. These frameworks provide a structured approach to lesson design and teaching methodologies, making it easier for teachers to create engaging and effective programming tasks. Additionally, by adopting <a href=\"https:\/\/static.raspberrypi.org\/files\/curriculum\/quickreads\/6-Pedagogy_Summary_Semantic_Waves_V3_2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">semantic waves<\/a> in the feedback for teachers and students, a deeper understanding of programming concepts can be fostered.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Existing courses and materials to aid task creation and adaptation<\/strong>. Our expert educators at the Raspberry Pi Foundation have not only created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/teach\/\">free lesson plans and courses for teachers and educators<\/a>, but also dedicated non-formal <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.raspberrypi.org\/en#paths\">learning paths<\/a> for Scratch, Python, Unity, web design, and physical computing that can serve as a starting point for classroom tasks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exploring innovative ideas in computing education<\/h2>\n<p>As we navigate the evolving landscape of programming education, it\u2019s clear that innovative tools like LitterBox can make a significant difference in the journey of both educators and students. By equipping educators with effective debugging and task creation solutions, we can create a more positive and engaging learning experience for students.<\/p>\n<p><strong>If you\u2019re an educator, consider exploring how such tools can enhance your teaching and empower your students in their coding endeavours.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You can watch the recording of Luisa\u2019s seminar here:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sign up now to join our next seminar<\/h2>\n<p>If you\u2019re interested in the latest developments in computing education, join us at one of our free, monthly seminars. In these sessions, researchers from all over the world share their innovative ideas and are eager to discuss them with educators and students. In our December seminar, Anaclara Gerosa (University of Edinburgh) will share her findings about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/computing-education-research-online-seminars\/#grounded-cognition-and-conceptual-understanding-in-children\">how to design and structure early-years computing activities<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/form.raspberrypi.org\/f\/research-seminar-sign-up\">I want to sign up<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>This will be the final seminar in our series about primary computing education. Look out for news about the theme of our 2024 seminar series, which are coming soon.<\/p>\n<p>The post <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/support-new-computing-teachers-debugging-scratch-litterbox\/\">Support for new computing teachers: A tool to find Scratch programming errors<\/a> appeared first on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\">Raspberry Pi Foundation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&#013;<br \/>\n&#013;<br \/>\nSource: Raspberry Pi &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/support-new-computing-teachers-debugging-scratch-litterbox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Support for new computing teachers: A tool to find Scratch programming errors<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We all know that learning to program, and specifically learning how to debug or fix code, can be frustrating and leave beginners overwhelmed and disheartened. In a recent blog article, our PhD student Lauria at the Raspberry Pi Computing Education &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/?p=1204610\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1204611,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77,110],"tags":[5],"class_list":["post-1204610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rpi","category-unfiltered-rss","tag-rpi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1204610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1204610"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1204610\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1204611"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1204610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1204610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1204610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}