{"id":1087649,"date":"2022-12-20T09:10:46","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T14:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/?p=1087649"},"modified":"2022-12-20T09:10:46","modified_gmt":"2022-12-20T14:10:46","slug":"combining-research-and-practice-to-evaluate-and-improve-computing-education-in-non-formal-settings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/?p=1087649","title":{"rendered":"Combining research and practice to evaluate and improve computing education in non-formal settings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In the final seminar in our series on cross-disciplinary computing, Dr Tracy Gardner and Rebecca Franks, who work here at the Foundation, described the framework underpinning the Foundation\u2019s non-formal learning pathways. They also shared insights from our recently published literature review about the impact that non-formal computing education has on learners.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-1 wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"376\" data-id=\"82494\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Tracy-Gardner-500x376-1.jpg\" alt=\"Dr Tracy Gardner.\" class=\"wp-image-82494\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dr Tracy Gardner<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" data-id=\"52820\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Rebecca-Franks-500x500-1.jpg\" alt=\"Rebecca Franks\" class=\"wp-image-52820\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rebecca Franks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\" \/>\n<p>Tracy and Rebecca both have extensive experience in teaching computing, and they are passionate about inspiring young learners and broadening access to computing education. In their work here, they create resources and content for learners in coding clubs and young people at home.<\/p>\n<h2>How non-formal learning creates opportunities for computing education<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/uis.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/international-standard-classification-of-education-isced-2011-en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNESCO defines non-formal learning<\/a>\u00a0as \u201cinstitutionalised, intentional, and planned\u2026 an addition, alternative, and\/or complement to formal education within the process of life-long learning of individuals\u201d. In terms of computing education, this kind of learning happens in after-school programmes or children\u2019s homes as they engage with materials that have been carefully designed by education providers.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-3 wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"348\" data-id=\"81199\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/CodeClub_ParkStreet-24-500x348-1.jpg\" alt=\"Two children code on laptops while an adult supports them.\" class=\"wp-image-81199\" \/><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"264\" data-id=\"50386\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/CODERDOJO_COIMBATORE_0016-500x264-1.jpg\" alt=\"Three young people code at laptops in a CoderDojo.\" class=\"wp-image-50386\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\" \/>\n<p>At the Raspberry Pi Foundation, we support two global networks of free, volunteer-led coding clubs where regular non-formal learning takes place: <a href=\"https:\/\/codeclub.org\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Code Club<\/a>, teacher- and volunteer-led coding clubs for 9- to 13-year-olds taking place in schools in more than160 countries; and <a href=\"https:\/\/coderdojo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CoderDojo<\/a>, volunteer-led programming clubs for young people aged 7\u201317 taking place in community venues and offices in 100 countries. Through <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.raspberrypi.org\/en\/paths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">free learning resources<\/a> and other support, we enable volunteers to run their club sessions, offering versatile opportunities and creative, inclusive spaces for young people to learn about computing outside of the school curriculum. Volunteers who run <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.codeclub.org\/2020\/09\/07\/what-do-you-think-about-code-club-the-results-are-in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Code Clubs<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/coderdojo.com\/2020\/06\/12\/annual-survey-results-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CoderDojos<\/a> report that participating in the club sessions positively impacts participants\u2019 programming skills and confidence.<\/p>\n<p>Rebecca and Tracy are part of the team here that writes the <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.raspberrypi.org\/en\/paths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">learning resources<\/a> young people in Code Clubs and CoderDojos (and beyond) use to learn to code and create technology.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Helping learners make things that matter to them<\/h2>\n<p>Rebecca started the seminar by describing how the team reviewed existing computing pedagogy research into non-formal learning, as well as large amounts of website visitor data and feedback from volunteers, to establish a new framework for designing and creating coding resources in the form of learning paths.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/app\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image4.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image4-800x250-1.png\" alt=\"What the Raspberry Pi Foundation takes into account when creating non-formal learning resources: what young people are making, young people's interests, research, user data, our own experiences as educators, the Foundation's other educational offers, ideas of purpose-driven computing.\" class=\"wp-image-82499\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">What the Raspberry Pi Foundation takes into account when creating non-formal learning resources. Click to enlarge.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>As Rebecca explained, non-formal learning paths should be designed to bridge the so-called \u2018Turing tar-pit\u2019: the gap between what learners want to do, and what they have the knowledge and resources to achieve.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image7-800x450-1.png\" alt=\"The Raspberry Pi Foundation's non-formal learning resources bridge the so-called Turing tar pit, in which learners get stuck when they feel everything is possible to create, but nothing is easy.\" class=\"wp-image-82497\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>To prevent learners from getting frustrated and ultimately losing interest in computing, learning paths need to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Be beginner-friendly<\/li>\n<li>Include scaffolding<\/li>\n<li>Support learner\u2019s design skills<\/li>\n<li>Relate to things that matter to learners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When Rebecca and Tracy\u2019s team create new learning paths, they first focus on the things that learners want to make. Then they work backwards to bridge the gap between learners\u2019 big ideas and the knowledge and skills needed to create them. To do this, they use the 3\u20262\u20261\u2026Make! framework they\u2019ve developed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/09\/RPF_5503_Pathways-Diagram_v4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/RPF_5503_Pathways-Diagram_v4-800x450-1.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration of the 3-2-1 structure of the new Raspberry Pi Foundation coding project paths.\" class=\"wp-image-75801\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An illustration of the 3\u20262\u20261\u2026Make! structure of the new Raspberry Pi Foundation non-formal learning paths.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Learning paths designed according to the framework are made up of three different types of project in a 3-2-1 structure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Three Explore<\/strong> projects to introduce creators to a set of skills and provide step-by-step instructions to help them develop initial confidence<\/li>\n<li><strong>Two Design<\/strong> projects to allow creators to practise the skills they learned in the previous Explore projects, and to express themselves creatively while they grow in independence<\/li>\n<li><strong>One Invent<\/strong> project where creators use their skills to meet a project brief for a particular audience<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You can learn more about the framework in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/free-coding-resources-children-young-people-digital-making-independence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this blog post<\/a> and this <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.raspberrypi.org\/en\/projects\/321-make-mentor-guide\/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">guide for adults who run sessions with young people<\/a> based on the learning paths. And you can <a href=\"https:\/\/projects.raspberrypi.org\/en\/paths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">explore the learning paths<\/a> yourself too.<\/p>\n<p>Rebecca and Tracy\u2019s team have created several new <a href=\"http:\/\/rpf.io\/paths\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">learning pathways<\/a> based on the 3\u20262\u20261\u2026Make! framework and received much positive feedback on them. They are now looking to develop more tools and libraries to support learners, to increase the accessibility of the paths, and also to conduct research into the impact of the framework.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>New literature review of non-formal computing education showcases its positive impact<\/h2>\n<p>In the second half of the seminar, Tracy shared what the research literature says about the impact of non-formal learning. She and researchers at the Foundation particularly wanted to find out what the research says about computing education for K\u201312 in non-formal settings. They systematically reviewed 421 papers, identifying 88 papers from the last seven years that related to empirical research on non-formal computing education for young learners. Based on these 88 papers, they summarised the state of the field in <a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3501385.3543960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a literature review<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>So far, most studies of non-formal computing education have looked at knowledge and skill development in computing, as well as affective factors such as interest and perception. The cognitive impact of non-formal education has been generally positive. The papers Tracy and the research reviewed suggested that regular learning opportunities, such as weekly Code Clubs, were beneficial for learners\u2019 knowledge development, and that active teaching of problem solving skills can lead to learners\u2019 independence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image2-800x450-1.png\" alt=\"In the literature review the Raspberry Pi Foundation team conducted, most research studies were university-organised on projects to broaden participation and interest development in immersive multi-day settings.\" class=\"wp-image-82500\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Non-formal computing education also seems to be beneficial in terms of affective factors (although it is unclear yet whether the benefits remain long-term, since most existing research studies conducted have been short-term ones). For example, out-of-school programmes can lead to more positive perception and increased awareness of computing for learners, and also boost learners\u2019 confidence and self-efficacy if they have had little prior experience of computing. The social aspects of participating in coding clubs should not be underestimated, as learners can develop a sense of belonging and support as they work with their peers and mentors.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-blog-entry\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image5-1-800x284-1.png\" alt=\"The affordances of non-formal computing activities that complement formal education: access and awareness, cultural relevance and equity, practice and personalisation, fun and engagement, community and identity, immediate impact.\" class=\"wp-image-82498\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The literature review showed that non-formal computing complements formal in-school education in many ways. Not only can Code Clubs and CoderDojos be accessible and equitable spaces for all young people, because the people who run them can tailor learning to the individuals. Coding clubs such as these succeed in making computing fun and engaging by enabling a community to form and allowing learners to make things that are meaningful to them.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>What existing studies in non-formal computing aren\u2019t telling us<\/h2>\n<p>Another thing the literature review made obvious is that there are big gaps in the existing understanding of non-formal computing education that need to be researched in more detail. For example, most of the studies the papers in the literature review described took place with female students in middle schools in the US.<\/p>\n<p>That means the existing research tells us little about non-formal learning:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In other geographic locations<\/li>\n<li>In other educational settings, such as primary schools or after-school programmes<\/li>\n<li>For a wider spectrum of learners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We would also love to see studies that hone in on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The long-term impact of non-formal learning<\/li>\n<li>Which specific factors contribute to positive outcomes<\/li>\n<li>Non-formal learning about aspects of computing beyond programming<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3\u20262\u20261\u2026research!<\/h2>\n<p>We\u2019re excited to continue collaborating within the Foundation so that our researchers and our team creating non-formal learning content can investigate the impact of the 3\u20262\u20261\u2026Make! framework.<\/p>\n<p>This collaboration connects two of <a href=\"https:\/\/static.raspberrypi.org\/files\/about\/RaspberryPiFoundationStrategy2025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">our long-term strategic goals<\/a>: to engage millions of young people in learning about computing and how to create with digital technologies outside of school, and to deepen our understanding of how young people learn about computing and how to create with digital technologies, and to use that knowledge to increase the impact of our work and advance the field of computing education. Based on our research, we will iterate and improve the framework, in order to enable even more young people to realise their full potential through the power of computing and digital technologies.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Join our seminar series on primary computing education<\/h2>\n<p>From January, you can join our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/primary-computing-education-research-seminar-series-2023\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">new monthly seminar series on primary (K\u20135) teaching and learning<\/a>. In this series, we\u2019ll hear insights into how our youngest learners develop their computing knowledge, so whether you\u2019re a volunteer in a coding club, a teacher, a researcher, or simply interested in the topic, we\u2019d love to see you at one of these monthly online sessions.<\/p>\n<p>The first seminar, on <strong>Tuesday 10 January at 5pm UK time<\/strong>, will feature researchers and educators Dr Katie Rich and Carla Strickland. They will share findings on <strong>how to teach children about variables<\/strong>, one of the most difficult aspects of computing for young learners. Sign up now, and we will send you notifications and joining links for each seminar session.<\/p>\n<div class=\"is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-5 wp-block-buttons\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/form.raspberrypi.org\/f\/research-seminar-sign-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">I want to sign up to attend<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>We look forward to seeing you soon, and to discussing with you how we can apply research results to better support all our learners.<\/p>\n<p>The post <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/research-practice-evaluate-improve-computing-education-non-formal-settings-seminar\/\">Combining research and practice to evaluate and improve computing education in non-formal settings<\/a> appeared first on <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\">Raspberry Pi<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&#013;<br \/>\n&#013;<br \/>\nSource: Raspberry Pi &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/blog\/research-practice-evaluate-improve-computing-education-non-formal-settings-seminar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Combining research and practice to evaluate and improve computing education in non-formal settings<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the final seminar in our series on cross-disciplinary computing, Dr Tracy Gardner and Rebecca Franks, who work here at the Foundation, described the framework underpinning the Foundation\u2019s non-formal learning pathways. They also shared insights from our recently published literature &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/?p=1087649\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1087650,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77,110],"tags":[5],"class_list":["post-1087649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rpi","category-unfiltered-rss","tag-rpi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087649","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1087649"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087649\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1087650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1087649"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1087649"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prime-wow.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1087649"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}